Ethnobotany, Medicinal and Nutritional Potential of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruit

Abstract

Hawthorn fruit (Crataegus spp.) has a broad ethnobotanical history and traditional use, primarily recognized for its heart health-supporting properties. Throughout history, it has been widely utilized in various cultures’ folk medicine to regulate heart rhythm, improve blood circulation, alleviate digestive issues, and strengthen the immune system. Modern scientific studies further validate these traditional uses by confirming that hawthorn’s bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, and proanthocyanidin, provide potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular-supporting benefits. Consequently, hawthorn fruit holds significant potential as a natural ingredient in functional foods and health products. Hawthorn fruit is particularly valued for its ethnobotanical importance worldwide and especially in Turkey. In many Turkish regions, it is employed for its ability to lower high blood pressure, soothe digestive problems, enhance blood circulation, and provide a calming effect. In Anatolian culture, hawthorn is regarded not only as a food but also as a source of health. Its contributions to heart health, immune system enhancement, and metabolic balance are particularly emphasized. This study examines the antioxidant properties of hawthorn fruit, its effects on reducing oxidative stress, and its cell health-supporting attributes, with an evaluation of its potential as a natural component in modern health products and functional foods. However, further research is required to thoroughly understand the beneficial effects of hawthorn fruit on health. Specifically, determining safe and effective dosage ranges, elucidating its biochemical effects, and exploring its potential role in serious conditions like cancer are of paramount importance. Hawthorn can be consumed in forms such as tea and capsules to support cardiovascular health, while dried fruit or jam offers a natural antioxidant boost. Traditional forms like molasses, vinegar, and marmalade are also recommended as part of a health-supportive diet for immune system benefits.