1
Harran University, Hilvan Vocational School, Program of Occupational Health and Safety, Şanliurfa
Abstract
In this study, in order for the activated carbon obtained by using pepper stems to reach the mesoporous structure, production conditions such as activating agent type (KOH, NaOH, NaOH- Na2CO3), agent ratio (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% w/w), activating time (1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 9 days) and carbonization temperature (700 oC, 750 oC, 800 oC, 850 oC and 900oC) were examined. Additionally, the obtained ACs were characterized thermally, structurally and morphologically using TG-DTA, FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, and SEM devices. The BJH method was used for calculate and determine the pore size distribution. NaOH-Na2CO3, which has a basic character, had a higher micro and meso porous structure than other activating agents. 30% as agent rate, 5 days for activating time and 900oC as carbonization temperature were determined as ideal conditions to reach the mesoporous structure. By applying these conditions, the maximum pore diameter observed in raw BS was increased from 207 Å to 799 Å, and the pore volume density value was increased from 0.024 cc g-1 to 0.484 cc g-1.
DOLAŞ, H. (2024). Examining and Optimizing Production Conditions for Producing Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Pepper Stems. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(3), 590–600. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13312743
📄Ashfaq, A., Al-Swaidan, M., Alghamdi, A.H., Alotaibi, K.M., Hatshan, M.R., Haider, S., Khan, I., 2024. Facile synthesis of mesoporous active carbon from the valorisation of biomass waste and assessment of sequester efficiency of arsenic (As) from water. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 177(1):106304.
📄Barrett, E.P., Joyner, L.C., Halenda, P.H. 1951. The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. computations from nitrogen isotherm. Journal of American Chemistry Society, 73: 373–380.
📄Borhan, A., Yusup, S., Lim, J.W., Show, P.L. 2019. Characterization and modelling studies of activated carbon produced from rubber-seed shell using KOH for CO2 adsorption. Processes, 7(11): 855.
📄Dolas, H., 2023a. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis, Open Chemistry, 21(1): 20230185.
📄Dolas, H., 2023b. The adsorption of Eriochrome Black T onto the activated carbon produced from pepper stalks. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, 8(2): 107-118.
📄Fukumori Y., Nomura, T., Adschiri, T., Ohara, S., Saito, F., Naito, M., Okuyama, K., Kawahara, M., Suzuki,H., Sasaki, T., Fuji, M., Inagaki, S., Takeuchi, H., and Ando, Y., 2018. Chapter 2-structural control of nanoparticles. (Ed: Naito, M., Yokoyama, T., Nogi, K.) Nanoparticle Technology Handbook (Third Edition), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 49-107.
📄Gregg, S.J., Sing, K.S.W. 1982. Adsorption Surface Area and Porosity (2nd edition), Academic Press, London, UK.
📄Hadoun, H., Sadaoui, Z., Souami, N., Sahel, D., Toumert, I. 2013. Characterization of mesoporous carbon prepared from date stems by H3PO4 chemical activation. Applied Surface Science, 280(1): 1–7.
📄Hossain, M.Z., Wu, W., Xu, W.Z., Chowdhury, M.B.I., Jhawar, A.K., Machin, D., Charpentier, P.A. 2018. High-surface-area mesoporous activated carbon from hemp bast fiber using hydrothermal processing. Journal of Carbon Research, 4(3): 38.
📄Jawad, A.H., Rashid, R.A., Ismail, K., Sabar, S., 2017. High surface area mesoporous activated carbon developed from coconut leaf by chemical activation with H3PO4 for adsorption of methylene blue. Desalination and Water Treatment, 74(1): 326–335.
📄Le Van, K., Luong, T., 2019. Preparation of pore-size controllable activated carbon from rice husk using dual activating agent and its application in supercapacitor. Journal of Chemistry, 4329609. 1–11.
📄Lee, B.H., Lee, H.M., Chung, D., Kim, B.J., 2021. Effect of mesopore development on butane working capacity of biomass-derived activated carbon for automobile canister. Nanomaterials, 11(3): 673.
📄Lu, Y., Zhang, S., Yin, J., Bai, C., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Ge, Z., Zhang, M., Wei, L., Ma, M., Ma, Y., Chen, Y. 2017. Mesoporous activated carbon materials with ultrahigh mesopore volume and effective specific surface area for high performance supercapacitors. Carbon, 124(1):64-71.
📄Lv, Y., Zhang, F., Dou, Y., Zhai, Y., Wang, J., Liu, H., Xia, Y., Tu, B., Zhao, D. 2012. A comprehensive study on KOH activation of ordered mesoporous carbons and their supercapacitor application. Journal of Material Chemistry, 22(1): 93-99.
📄Marrakchi, F., Ahmed, M., Khanday,W., Asif, M., Hameed, B. 2017. Mesoporous-activated carbon prepared from chitosan flakes via single-step sodium hydroxide activation for the adsorption of methylene blue. International Journal Biological Macromolecules, 98(1): 233–239.
📄Muniandy, L., Adam, F., Mohamed, A.R., Ng, E.-P. 2014. The synthesis and characterization of high purity mixed microporous/mesoporous activated carbon from rice husk using chemical activation with NaOH and KOH. Microporous Mesoporous Materals, 197(1): 316–323.
📄Nagalakshmi, T.V., Emmanuel, K.A., Suresh Babu, C.H., Chakrapani, C.H., Paul Divakar, P., 2015. Preparation of mesoporous activated carbon from jackfruit ppi-1 waste and development of different surface functional groups. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 54: 189-200.
📄Nasrullah, A., Saad, B., Bhat, A., Khan, A.S., Danish, M., Isa, M.H., Naeem, A. 2019. Mangosteen peel waste as a sustainable precursor for high surface area mesoporous activated carbon: Characterization and application for methylene blue removal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 211: 1190–1200.
📄Reffasa, A., Bernardeta, V., Davida, B. Reinerta, L., Bencheikh, M., Lehocineb, M., Duboisc, N., Batissec, Duclauxa, L., 2010. Carbons prepared from coffee grounds by H3PO4 activation: Characterization and adsorption of methylene blue and Nylosan Red N-2RBL, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175(1-3):779–788.
📄Saygılı, H., Güzel, F., 2016. High surface area mesoporous activated carbon from tomato processing solid waste by zinc chloride activation: Process optimization, characterization and dyes adsorption. Journal Cleaner Production, 113(1): 995–1004.
📄Tseng, R.L., 2006. Mesopore control of high surface area NaOH-activated carbon. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 303(2): 494–502.
📄Tseng, R.L., Tseng, S.K. 2005. Pore structure and adsorption performance of the KOH-activated carbons prepared from corncob. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 287(2): 428–437.
📄Xin, W., Li, X., Song, Y., 2020. Sludge-based mesoporous activated carbon: The effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on material preparation and adsorption of bisphenol A. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 95(6): 1666–1674.
📄Xing, W., Huang C.C., Zhuo, S.P., Yuan, X., Wang, G.Q., Hulicova Jurcakova, D., Yan, Z.F., Lu, G.Q., 2009. Hierarchical porous carbons with high performance for supercapacitor electrodes. Carbon, 47(7): 1715–1722.
📄Wang, C.H., Wen, W.C., Hsu, H.C., Yao, B.Y., 2016. High-capacitance KOH-activated nitrogen containing porous carbon material from waste coffee grounds in supercapacitor. Advanced Powder Technology, 27(4):1387-1395.
📄Zhang, Z., Xu, L., Liu, Y., Feng, R., Zou, T., Zhang, Y., Kang, Y., Zhou, P. 2021. Efficient removal of methylene blue using the mesoporous activated carbon obtained from mangosteen peel wastes: Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies. Microporous and Mesoporous Material, 315(1):110904.
📄Zhigang, X., Wei, G., Fangying, J., Zhongrong, S., Yanling, Z., 2014. Production of biologically activated carbon from orange peel and landfill leachate subsequent treatment Technology. Journal of Chemistry, 2014(4): Article ID 491912.
